| Preparation of Teaching Resource Material |
| Sponsored by : Ministry of Steel, Government of India |
| Workshops for University Faculty (June - July 2001) |
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| t |
Net material thickness |
| ts |
Equivalent thickness of a flat element to replace a multiple stiffened element for calculation purposes |
| t1, t2 |
Thickness of thinner and thicker materials connected by spot welding |
| Us |
Ultimate tensile strength of steel |
| u |
Deflection of a flange towards the neutral axis due to flange curling |
| W |
Total distributed load on a purlin |
| Wd |
Weight of cladding acting on a sheeting rail |
| Ww |
Wind load acting on a sheeting rail |
| w |
Flat width of a sub-element or Intensity of load on a beam |
| ws |
Equivalent width of a flat element to replace a multiple stiffened element for calculation purposes |
| x0 |
Distance from the shear centre to the centroid of a section measured along the x axis of symmetry |
| fy |
Yield strength of steel |
| Ysa |
Average yield strength of a cold formed section |
| Ysac |
Modified average yield strength in the presence of local buckling |
| y |
Distance of a flange from the neutral axis |
| Zc |
Compression modulus of a section in bending |
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Coefficient of linear thermal expansion or Effective length multiplier for torsional flexural buckling |
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Ratio of end moments in a beam |
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Overall load factor |
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| Material strength factor |
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Beam deflection |
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Beam deflection at moment M |
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Beam deflection at the point of local buckling |
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Perry coefficient |
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Angle between the web of a beam and the bearing surface |
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Poisson's ratio |
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